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英语基础语法:连词

连词是一种虚词, 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句...

连词是一种虚词, 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, (and)then 等等。

一、并列连词与并列结构

并列连词引导两个并列的句子。

1) and 与 or

判断改错:

( 错 ) They sat down and talk about something.

( 错 ) They started to dance and sang.

( 错 ) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.

( 对 ) They sat down and talked about something.

( 对 ) They started to dance and sing.

( 对 )I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.

解析:

第一句: and 连接两个并列的谓语,所以 talk 应改为 talked 。

第二句: and 连接两个并列的动词不定式,第二个不定式往往省略 to ,因此 sang 应改为 sing 。

第三句: and 连接感观动词 saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构,因此 whisper 应改为 whispering 。

注意: and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。( or 也有此用法)

Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.

= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.

One more effort, and you'll succeed.

= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.

2) both …and  两者都

She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.

3) not only…but (also), as well as 不但 … 而且)

She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.

注意: not only… but also 关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词 not 而必须倒装。

Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.

4) neithe…nor 意思为 " 既不 …… 也不 ……" 谓语动词采用就近原则,与 nor 后的词保持一致。

Neither you nor he is to blame.

二、比较 and 和 or

) 并列结构中, or 通常用于否定句, and 用于肯定句。

2) 但有时 and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点:

There is no air or water in the moon.

There is no air and no water on the moon.

  在否定中并列结构用 or 连接,但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构,因此要用 and 。

典型例题

---I don't like chicken ___ fish.

---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.

A. and ; and B. and ; but C. or ; but D. or ; and

  答案 C 。否定句中表并列用 or, but 表转折。

判断改错:

( 错 ) We will die without air and water.

( 错 ) We can't live without air or water.

( 对 ) We will die without air or water.

( 对 ) We can't live without air and water.

三、表示选择的并列结构

1) or 意思为 " 否则 " 。

I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.

2) either…or  意思为 " 或者 …… 或者 ……" 。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。

Either you or I am right.

四、表示转折或对比

1) but 表示转折, while 表示对比。

Some people love cats, while others hate them.

典型例题 

--- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?

--- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.

A. and B. so C. as D. but

  答案 D 。 but 与前面形成转折,符合语意。而表并列的 and , 结果的 so ,原因的 as 都不符合句意。

2) not…but… 意思为 " 不是 …… 而是 ……"

not 和 but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。

They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.

五、表原因关系

1) for

判断改错:

( 错 ) For he is ill, he is absent today.

( 对 ) He is absent today, for he is ill.

for 是并列连词,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首,只能将其放在两个分句中间。

2) so, therefore

He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.

注意:

a. 两个并列连词不能连用,但 therefore, then, yet. 可以和并列连词连用。

You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.

He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.

b. although… yet… ,但 although 不与 but 连用。

( 错 ) Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work..

( 对 ) Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.

六、比较 so 和 such

其规律由 so 与 such 的不同词性决定。such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或副 词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词 many , few , much , little 连用,形成固定搭配。

so + adj. such + a(n) + n.

so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.)

so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.)

so + adj. + n. [ 不可数 ] such +n. [ 不可数 ]

so foolish such a fool

so nice a flower such a nice flower

so many/ few flowers such nice flowers

so much/little money. such rapid progress

so many people such a lot of people

so many 已成固定搭配, a lot of 虽相当于 many ,但 a lot of 为名词性的,只能用 such 搭配。

so…that 与 such…that 之间的转换既为 so 与 such 之间的转换。

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