英语基础语法：连词

连词是一种虚词， 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, (and)then 等等。

一、并列连词与并列结构

并列连词引导两个并列的句子。

1) and 与 or

判断改错：

( 错 ) They sat down and talk about something.

( 错 ) They started to dance and sang.

( 错 ) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.

( 对 ) They sat down and talked about something.

( 对 ) They started to dance and sing.

( 对 )I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.

解析：

第一句： and 连接两个并列的谓语，所以 talk 应改为 talked 。

第二句： and 连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略 to ，因此 sang 应改为 sing 。

第三句： and 连接感观动词 saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，因此 whisper 应改为 whispering 。

注意： and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（ or 也有此用法）

Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.

= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.

One more effort, and you'll succeed.

= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.

2) both …and 　两者都

She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.

3) not only…but (also), as well as 不但 … 而且）

She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.

注意： not only… but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词 not 而必须倒装。

Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.

4) neithe…nor 意思为 " 既不 …… 也不 ……" 谓语动词采用就近原则，与 nor 后的词保持一致。

Neither you nor he is to blame.

二、比较 and 和 or

) 并列结构中， or 通常用于否定句， and 用于肯定句。

2) 但有时 and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：

There is no air or water in the moon.

There is no air and no water on the moon.

　 在否定中并列结构用 or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用 and 。

典型例题

---I don't like chicken ___ fish.

---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.

A. and ； and B. and ； but C. or ； but D. or ； and

　 答案 C 。否定句中表并列用 or, but 表转折。

判断改错：

( 错 ) We will die without air and water.

( 错 ) We can't live without air or water.

( 对 ) We will die without air or water.

( 对 ) We can't live without air and water.

三、表示选择的并列结构

1) or 意思为 " 否则 " 。

I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.

2) either…or 　意思为 " 或者 …… 或者 ……" 。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。

Either you or I am right.

四、表示转折或对比

1) but 表示转折， while 表示对比。

Some people love cats, while others hate them.

典型例题　

--- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?

--- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.

A. and B. so C. as D. but

　 答案 D 。 but 与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的 and ， 结果的 so ，原因的 as 都不符合句意。

2) not…but… 意思为 " 不是 …… 而是 ……"

not 和 but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。

They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.

五、表原因关系

1) for

判断改错：

( 错 ) For he is ill, he is absent today.

( 对 ) He is absent today, for he is ill.

for 是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。

2) so, therefore

He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.

注意：

a. 两个并列连词不能连用，但 therefore, then, yet. 可以和并列连词连用。

You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.

He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.

b. although… yet… ，但 although 不与 but 连用。

( 错 ) Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work..

( 对 ) Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.

六、比较 so 和 such

其规律由 so 与 such 的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副 词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词 many ， few ， much ， little 连用，形成固定搭配。

so + adj. such + a(n) + n.

so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.)

so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.)

so + adj. + n. [ 不可数 ] such +n. [ 不可数 ]

so foolish such a fool

so nice a flower such a nice flower

so many/ few flowers such nice flowers

so much/little money. such rapid progress

so many people such a lot of people

so many 已成固定搭配， a lot of 虽相当于 many ，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用 such 搭配。

so…that 与 such…that 之间的转换既为 so 与 such 之间的转换。